CGI::Carp(3p)

NAME
CGI::Carp - CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or other) error log

SYNOPSIS
    use CGI::Carp;

    croak "We're outta here!";
    confess "It was my fault: $!";
    carp "It was your fault!";
    warn "I'm confused";
    die  "I'm dying.\n";

    use CGI::Carp qw(cluck);
    cluck "I wouldn't do that if I were you";

    use CGI::Carp qw(fatalsToBrowser);
    die "Fatal error messages are now sent to browser";

DESCRIPTION
CGI scripts have a nasty habit of leaving warning messages in the error logs that are neither time stamped nor fully identified. Tracking down the script that caused the error is a pain. This fixes that. Replace the usual

    use Carp;

with

    use CGI::Carp

The standard warn(), die (), croak(), confess() and carp() calls will be replaced with functions that write time-stamped messages to the HTTP server error log.

For example:

   [Fri Nov 17 21:40:43 1995] test.pl: I'm confused at test.pl line 3.
   [Fri Nov 17 21:40:43 1995] test.pl: Got an error message: Permission denied.
   [Fri Nov 17 21:40:43 1995] test.pl: I'm dying.

REDIRECTING ERROR MESSAGES
By default, error messages are sent to STDERR. Most HTTPD servers direct STDERR to the server's error log. Some applications may wish to keep private error logs, distinct from the server's error log, or they may wish to direct error messages to STDOUT so that the browser will receive them.

The "carpout()" function is provided for this purpose. Since carpout() is not exported by default, you must import it explicitly by saying

   use CGI::Carp qw(carpout);

The carpout() function requires one argument, a reference to an open filehandle for writing errors. It should be called in a "BEGIN" block at the top of the CGI application so that compiler errors will be caught. Example:

   BEGIN {
     use CGI::Carp qw(carpout);
     open(LOG, ">>/usr/local/cgi-logs/mycgi-log") or
       die("Unable to open mycgi-log: $!\n");
     carpout(LOG);
   }

carpout() does not handle file locking on the log for you at this point. Also, note that carpout() does not work with in-memory file handles, although a patch would be welcome to address that.

The real STDERR is not closed -- it is moved to CGI::Carp::SAVEERR. Some servers, when dealing with CGI scripts, close their connection to the browser when the script closes STDOUT and STDERR. CGI::Carp::SAVEERR is there to prevent this from happening prematurely.

You can pass filehandles to carpout() in a variety of ways. The "correct" way according to Tom Christiansen is to pass a reference to a filehandle GLOB:

    carpout(\*LOG);

This looks weird to mere mortals however, so the following syntaxes are accepted as well:

    carpout(LOG);
    carpout(main::LOG);
    carpout(main'LOG);
    carpout(\LOG);
    carpout(\'main::LOG');

    ... and so on

FileHandle and other objects work as well.

Use of carpout() is not great for performance, so it is recommended for debugging purposes or for moderate-use applications. A future version of this module may delay redirecting STDERR until one of the CGI::Carp methods is called to prevent the performance hit.

MAKING PERL ERRORS APPEAR IN THE BROWSER WINDOW
If you want to send fatal (die, confess) errors to the browser, import the special "fatalsToBrowser" subroutine:

    use CGI::Carp qw(fatalsToBrowser);
    die "Bad error here";

Fatal errors will now be echoed to the browser as well as to the log. CGI::Carp arranges to send a minimal HTTP header to the browser so that even errors that occur in the early compile phase will be seen. Nonfatal errors will still be directed to the log file only (unless redirected with carpout).

Note that fatalsToBrowser may not work well with mod_perl version 2.0 and higher.

  Changing the default message
By default, the software error message is followed by a note to contact the Webmaster by e-mail with the time and date of the error. If this message is not to your liking, you can change it using the set_message() routine. This is not imported by default; you should import it on the use() line:

    use CGI::Carp qw(fatalsToBrowser set_message);
    set_message("It's not a bug, it's a feature!");

You may also pass in a code reference in order to create a custom error message. At run time, your code will be called with the text of the error message that caused the script to die. Example:

    use CGI::Carp qw(fatalsToBrowser set_message);
    BEGIN {
       sub handle_errors {
          my $msg = shift;
          print "<h1>Oh gosh</h1>";
          print "<p>Got an error: $msg</p>";
      }
      set_message(\&handle_errors);
    }

In order to correctly intercept compile-time errors, you should call set_message() from within a BEGIN{} block.

DOING MORE THAN PRINTING A MESSAGE IN THE EVENT OF PERL ERRORS
If fatalsToBrowser in conjunction with set_message does not provide you with all of the functionality you need, you can go one step further by specifying a function to be executed any time a script calls "die", has a syntax error, or dies unexpectedly at runtime with a line like "undef->explode();".

    use CGI::Carp qw(set_die_handler);
    BEGIN {
       sub handle_errors {
          my $msg = shift;
          print "content-type: text/html\n\n";
          print "<h1>Oh gosh</h1>";
          print "<p>Got an error: $msg</p>";

          #proceed to send an email to a system administrator,
          #write a detailed message to the browser and/or a log,
          #etc....
      }
      set_die_handler(\&handle_errors);
    }

Notice that if you use set_die_handler(), you must handle sending HTML headers to the browser yourself if you are printing a message.

If you use set_die_handler(), you will most likely interfere with the behavior of fatalsToBrowser, so you must use this or that, not both.

Using set_die_handler() sets SIG{__DIE__} (as does fatalsToBrowser), and there is only one SIG{__DIE__}. This means that if you are attempting to set SIG{__DIE__} yourself, you may interfere with this module's functionality, or this module may interfere with your module's functionality.

  SUPPRESSING PERL ERRORS APPEARING IN THE BROWSER WINDOW
A problem sometimes encountered when using fatalsToBrowser is when a "die()" is done inside an "eval" body or expression. Even though the fatalsToBrower support takes precautions to avoid this, you still may get the error message printed to STDOUT. This may have some undesirable effects when the purpose of doing the eval is to determine which of several algorithms is to be used.

By setting $CGI::Carp::TO_BROWSER to 0 you can suppress printing the "die" messages but without all of the complexity of using "set_die_handler". You can localize this effect to inside "eval" bodies if this is desirable: For example:

 eval {
   local $CGI::Carp::TO_BROWSER = 0;
   die "Fatal error messages not sent browser"
 }
 # $@ will contain error message

MAKING WARNINGS APPEAR AS HTML COMMENTS
It is also possible to make non-fatal errors appear as HTML comments embedded in the output of your program. To enable this feature, export the new "warningsToBrowser" subroutine. Since sending warnings to the browser before the HTTP headers have been sent would cause an error, any warnings are stored in an internal buffer until you call the warningsToBrowser() subroutine with a true argument:

    use CGI::Carp qw(fatalsToBrowser warningsToBrowser);
    use CGI qw(:standard);
    print header();
    warningsToBrowser(1);

You may also give a false argument to warningsToBrowser() to prevent warnings from being sent to the browser while you are printing some content where HTML comments are not allowed:

    warningsToBrowser(0);    # disable warnings
    print "<script type=\"text/javascript\"><!--\n";
    print_some_javascript_code();
    print "//--></script>\n";
    warningsToBrowser(1);    # re-enable warnings

Note: In this respect warningsToBrowser() differs fundamentally from fatalsToBrowser(), which you should never call yourself!

OVERRIDING THE NAME OF THE PROGRAM
CGI::Carp includes the name of the program that generated the error or warning in the messages written to the log and the browser window. Sometimes, Perl can get confused about what the actual name of the executed program was. In these cases, you can override the program name that CGI::Carp will use for all messages.

The quick way to do that is to tell CGI::Carp the name of the program in its use statement. You can do that by adding "name=cgi_carp_log_name" to your "use" statement. For example:

    use CGI::Carp qw(name=cgi_carp_log_name);

. If you want to change the program name partway through the program, you can use the "set_progname()" function instead. It is not exported by default, you must import it explicitly by saying

    use CGI::Carp qw(set_progname);

Once you've done that, you can change the logged name of the program at any time by calling

    set_progname(new_program_name);

You can set the program back to the default by calling

    set_progname(undef);

Note that this override doesn't happen until after the program has compiled, so any compile-time errors will still show up with the non-overridden program name

CHANGE LOG
3.51 Added $CGI::Carp::TO_BROWSER

1.29 Patch from Peter Whaite to fix the unfixable problem of CGI::Carp
     not behaving correctly in an eval() context.

1.05 carpout() added and minor corrections by Marc Hedlund
     <hedlund@best.com> on 11/26/95.

1.06 fatalsToBrowser() no longer aborts for fatal errors within
     eval() statements.

1.08 set_message() added and carpout() expanded to allow for FileHandle
     objects.

1.09 set_message() now allows users to pass a code REFERENCE for
     really custom error messages. croak and carp are now
     exported by default. Thanks to Gunther Birznieks for the
     patches.

1.10 Patch from Chris Dean (ctdean@cogit.com) to allow
     module to run correctly under mod_perl.

1.11 Changed order of &gt; and &lt; escapes.

1.12 Changed die() on line 217 to CORE::die to avoid -w warning.

1.13 Added cluck() to make the module orthogonal with Carp.
     More mod_perl related fixes.

1.20 Patch from Ilmari Karonen (perl@itz.pp.sci.fi): Added
     warningsToBrowser(). Replaced <CODE> tags with <PRE> in
     fatalsToBrowser() output.

1.23 ineval() now checks both $^S and inspects the message for the "eval" pattern
     (hack alert!) in order to accommodate various combinations of Perl and
     mod_perl.

1.24 Patch from Scott Gifford (sgifford@suspectclass.com): Add support
     for overriding program name.

1.26 Replaced CORE::GLOBAL::die with the evil $SIG{__DIE__} because the
     former isn't working in some people's hands. There is no such thing
     as reliable exception handling in Perl.

1.27 Replaced tell STDOUT with bytes=tell STDOUT.

AUTHORS
Copyright 1995-2002, Lincoln D. Stein. All rights reserved.

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.

SEE ALSO
Carp, CGI::Base, CGI::BasePlus, CGI::Request, CGI::MiniSvr, CGI::Form, CGI::Response.